Public Service Tech Use and Accountability

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Allen, B. A., Juillet, L., Paquet, G., & Roy, J. (2001). E-Governance & government on-line in Canada: Partnerships, people & prospects. Government information quarterly, 18(2), 93-104.

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Borins, S. F., Kernaghan, K., & Brown, D. (2007). Digital State at the Leading Edge. University of Toronto Press.

Brown, D. C., & Toze, S. (2017). Information governance in digitized public administration. Canadian public administration, 60(4), 581-604.

Brown, D. C. (1997). New information technologies in Canadian public administration  In Charih, M., & Daniels, A. F. (Eds.), New Public Management and Public Administration in Canada (pp. 93-112). Institute of Public Administration of Canada.

Brown, D. C. (2010). Information, technology and public administration. In Dunn, C. (Ed.), Handbook of Canadian Public Administration, 2nd ed. (pp. 521–537).Oxford University Press.

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Brown, D. C. (2012). The unfulfilled promise of information management in the government of Canada. Journal of Parliamentary and Political Law, 6(1), 107-128.

Brown, D. C. (2013). Accountability in a collectivized environment: From Glassco to digital public administration. Canadian Public Administration, 56(1), 47-69.

Cain, K. B. P. (2001). Information, not technology, is essential to accountability: electronic records and public-sector financial management. The Information Society, 17(4), 247-258.

Cargnello, D. P. & Flumian, M. (2017). Canadian governance in transition: Multilevel governance in the digital era. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 605–626.

Carr, C., & Hesse, M. (2020). When Alphabet Inc. plans Toronto’s Waterfront: New post-political modes of urban governance. Urban Planning, 5(1), 69-83.

Cassidy, F. (1986). Closed or open government: the public servant and the public. Canadian Public Administration, 29(4), 583–584.

Cats-Baril, W., & Thompson, R. (1995). Managing information technology projects in the public sector. Public administration review, 559-566.

Centre for International Governance. (2018). Data governance in the digital age. Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Chantry, W. (2022). ‘Built from the internet up’: assessing citizen participation in smart city planning through the case study of Quayside, Toronto. GeoJournal.

Chu, S. L. Y. (2019). The smart cities approach: The opportunity and possibility of data driven communities [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Victoria.

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Ciuriak, D., & Ptashkina, M. (2020, June). The State Also Rises: The Role of the State in the Age of Data. Ciuriak Consulting Conference Paper.

Ciuriak, D., & Wylie, B. (2018). Data and Digital Rights: More Questions Than Answers–But Enumerating the Questions is Essential.

Clarke, A., & Craft, J. (2017). The vestiges and vanguards of policy design in a digital context. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 476-497.

Clarke, A., & Francoli, M. (2014). What’s in a name? A comparison of ‘open government’ definitions across seven open government partnership members. JeDEM-eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government, 6(3), 248-266.

Clarke, A., & Margetts, H. (2014). Governments and citizens getting to know each other? Open, closed, and big data in public management reform. Policy & Internet, 6(4), 393-417.

Clarke, A., Lindquist, E. A., & Roy, J. (2017). Understanding governance in the digital era: An agenda for public administration research in Canada. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 457-476.

Clarke, A. (2012, June). ‘Open dialogue’ and the Government of Canada’s use of social media: bureaucratic barriers to democratic engagement in the digital age. Canadian Political Science Association Annual Conference University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB.

Clarke, A. (2013). Exploiting the web as a tool of democracy: New ways forward in the study and practice of digital democracy. World Forum for Democracy.

Clarke, A. (2015). Business as usual? An evaluation of British and Canadian digital diplomacy as policy change. In Bjola, C., & Holmes, M. (Eds), Digital Diplomacy (pp. 111-126). Taylor & Francis. [Comparative]

Clarke, A. (2017). Digital government units: Origins, orthodoxy and critical considerations for public management theory and practice. Orthodoxy and Critical Considerations for Public Management Theory and Practice.

Clarke, A. (2018, April). The evolving role of non-state actors in digital era government. International Research Society on Public Management, Edinburgh, U.K.

Clarke, A. (2019). Opening the Government of Canada: The federal bureaucracy in the digital age. UBC Press.

Clarke, A. (2020). Digital government units: what are they, and what do they mean for digital era public management renewal?. International Public Management Journal, 23(3), 358-379.

Clarke, A. & Dubois, E. (2020). Digital era open government and democratic governance: The case of Government of Canada Wikipedia editing. Canadian Public Administration, 63(2), 177-205.

Corder, K. (2001). Acquiring new technology: Comparing nonprofit and public sector agencies. Administration & Society, 33(2), 194-219.

Cronin, B., Morath, R., Curtin, P., & Heil, M. (2006). Public sector use of technology in managing human resources. Human resource management review, 16(3), 416-430.

Csaki, C., & Adam, F. (2012). Supporting Processes and Decisions in Public Procurement: Technology in Policy and in Practice. Transformational Government Through EGov Practice: Socio-Economic, Cultural, and Technological Issues, 17.

Curtis McCord, C., & Becker, C. (2019, June). Sidewalk and Toronto: Critical Systems Heuristics and the Smart City. 6th International Conference on ICT for Sustainability, Lappeenranta, Finland.

Cuthbertson, L., Kearney, A., Dawson, R., Zawaduk, A., Cuthbertson, E., Gordon-Tighe, A., & Mathewson, K. W. (2019). Women, politics and Twitter: Using machine learning to change the discourse.

Davidson, J. E. (1986). Tech change: boon or bane for professionals, supervisors and middle managers. Canadian Public Administration. 29(4), 562-566.

Davies, A., & Lithwick, D. (2010). Background Paper, Government 2.0 and Access to Information: Recent Developments in Proactive Disclosure and Open Data in Canada. Library of Parliament.

De Carlo, N., Desfor, G., & Robertson, D. (2020). Unmasking the Halloween Agreement: What’s Up with Waterfront Toronto and and Sidewalk Labs?. Centre for Free Expression, Toronto Metropolitan University.

de Sousa, W. G., de Melo, E. R. P., Bermejo, P. H. D. S., Farias, R. A. S., & Gomes, A. O. (2019). How and where is artificial intelligence in the public sector going? A literature review and research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 36(4).

Doberstein, C., Charbonneau, É., Morin, G., & Despatie, S. (2022). Measuring the acceptability of facial recognition-enabled work surveillance cameras in the public and private sector. Public Performance & Management Review, 45(1), 198-227. [Comparative]

Dutil, P. & Williams, J. (2017). Regulation governance in the digital era: A new research agenda. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 562-580.

Felendzer, J. (2021). A Compromise of Values, Privacy, and Protection: Exploring Sidewalk Toronto’s Failure to Launch Through an Intersectional Lens of Energy Justice, Privacy, and Data [Unpublished master’s thesis]. York University.

Gaon, A., & Stedman, I. (2018). A Call to action: moving forward with the governance of artificial intelligence in Canada. Alberta Law Review, 56(4),1137-1166.

Garson, G. D. (Ed.). (1999). Information technology and computer applications in public administration: issues and trends. IGI Global.

Gil-García, J. R., & Pardo, T. A. (2005). E-government success factors: Mapping practical tools to theoretical foundations. Government information quarterly, 22(2), 187-216.

Gintova, M. (2015). Open Government Policy in Canada: Will Social Media Change Interaction between Government and Citizens? (Paper). International Conference on Public Policy, Milan, Italy.

Girard, M. (2019). Safeguarding big data captured in public spaces through standardization.  Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Goodman, E. P., & Powles, J. (2019). Urbanism under google: lessons from sidewalk toronto. Fordham Law Review, 88(2), 457-498.

Goodspeed, R. (2015). Smart cities: moving beyond urban cybernetics to tackle wicked problems. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8(1), 79-92.

Government of Canada. (2014). Canada’s Action Plan on Open Government 2014-16. Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat.

Grusec, T. (1986). Office automation trials in the federal government: lessons for managers. Canadian Public Administration / Administration Publique Du Canada, 29(4).

Haggart, B., & Spicer, Z. (2022). Infrastructure, smart cities and the knowledge economy: Lessons for policymakers from the Toronto Quayside project. Canadian Public Administration.

Haggart, B. (2018). Data Governance in the Digital Age: The Government’s Role in Constructing the Data-driven Economy. Centre for International Governance Innovation

Halachmi, A. and Greiling, D. (2013). Transparency, E-Government and Accountability: Some Issues and Considerations. Public Performance & Management Review, 36(4), 562-584.

Harrison, T.M., Guerrero, S., Burke, G.B., Cook, M., Cresswell, A., Helbig, N., Hrdinová, J. & Pardo, T. (2012). Open government and e-government: Democratic challenges from a public value perspective. Information Polity, 17(2), 83-97.

Hazlett, S. A., & Hill, F. (2003). E‐government: the realities of using IT to transform the public sector. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal.

Hyson. (2010). The ombudsman and e-government in Canada: Ombudsman and e-government. Canadian Public Administration, 53(2), 183-200.

Jaeger, P. T., & Munson, S. (2010). Engaging the public in open government: Social media technology and policy for government transparency. Federal register, 1, 1-18.

Johnson, J., Hevia, A., Yergin, R., Karbassi, S., Levine, A., & Ortiz, J. (2022). Data Governance Frameworks for Smart Cities: Key Considerations for Data Management and Use. Journal of Law and Mobility, 2022(1).

Johnson, P. (2019). Disintermediating government: the role of open data and smart infrastructure. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.

Jones, P. (2017). The futures of Canadian governance: Foresight competencies for public administration in the digital era. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 657-681.

Justice, J. B., Melitski, J., & Smith, D. L. (2006). E-government as an instrument of fiscal accountability and responsiveness: Do the best practitioners employ the best practices?. The American Review of Public Administration, 36(3), 301-322.

Kassen, M. (2018). Open data and its institutional ecosystems: A comparative cross‐jurisdictional analysis of open data platforms. Canadian Public Administration, 61(1), 109-129.

Keegan, M. J. (2019/2020). More than Meets AI: Assessing the Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Work of Government. IBM Center for the Business of Government, 59-61.

Kernaghan, K., & Gunraj, J. (2004). Integrating information technology into public administration: Conceptual and practical considerations. Canadian Public Administration, 47(4), 525-46.

Kernaghan, K. (2012). Anywhere, Anytime, Any Device: Innovations in Public Sector Self-Service Delivery. Institute for Citizen-Centred Service.

Kernaghan, K. (2014). Digital dilemmas: Values, ethics and information technology. Canadian Public Administration, 57(2), 295-317.

Kernaghan, K. (2014). The rights and wrongs of robotics: Ethics and robots in public organizations. Canadian Public Administration, 57(4), 485-506.

Khosrowpour, M. (Ed.). (2005). Practicing E-government. IGI Global.

Korac-Kakabadse, N., Kouzmin, A., Knyght, P. R., & Korac-Kakabadse, A. (2000). The impact of information technology on the ethics of public sector management in the third millennium. Global Virtue Ethics Review, 2(1), 74-124. [Comparative]

Kreiss, D., Adams, K., Ciesielski, J., Fernandez, H., Frauenfelder, K., & Lowe, B. (2020). Recoding the Boys' Club: The Experiences and Future of Women in Political Technology. Oxford University Press.

Kuziemski, M., & Misuraca, G. (2020). AI governance in the public sector: Three tales from the frontiers of automated decision-making in democratic settings. Telecommunications policy, 44(6), 101976. [Comparative]

Landry, J. N., Webster, K., Wylie, B., & Robinson, P. (2016). How can we improve urban resilience with open data. Open Data Institute.

Langford, J. & Harrison, Y. (2001). Partnering for e-government: challenges for public administrators. Canadian Public Administration, 44(4), 393-416.

Lauriault, T. P., Bloom, R., & Landry, J. (2018). Open Smart Cities in Canada: Assessment Report. OpenNorth.

Lauriault, T. P., Bloom, R., Livingstone, C., & Landry, J. (2018). Open Smart Cities in Canada: Environmental Scan and Case Studies - Executive Summary. OpenNorth.

Leighninger, M. & Moore-Vissing, Q. (2018). Rewiring Democracy: Subconscious Technologies, Conscious Engagement, and the Future of Politics. Public Agenda.

Lindquist, E. A. & Huse, I. (2017). Accountability and monitoring government in the digital era: Promise, realism and research for digital‐era governance. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 627-656.

Longo, J. (2022). When artificial intelligence meets real public administration. Institute of Public Administration of Canada.

Longo, J. & Kelley, T. M. (2016). GitHub use in public administration in Canada: Early experience with a new collaboration tool. Canadian Public Administration, 59(4), 598-623.

Lorinc, J. (2019). A Mess on the Sidewalk. The Baffler, (44), 6-16.

MacDonald, H. (1997). Information technology projects: A review of the Treasury Board enhanced framework for the management of IT projects. [Working Paper]. University of Ottawa.

Malone, M. (2021). Smart cities in canada: digital dreams, corporate designs. Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 58(3), 727-738.

Mann, M., Mitchell, P., Foth, M., & Anastasiu, I. (2020). #BlockSidewalk to Barcelona: Technological sovereignty and the social license to operate smart cities. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 71(9), 1103-1115.

Marando, D. & Craft, J. (2017). Digital era policy advising: Clouding ministerial perspectives?. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 498-516.

Marche, S., & McNiven, J. D. (2003). E‐government and e‐governance: the future isn't what it used to be. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne des Sciences de l'Administration, 20(1), 74-86.

McBride, K. (2018). Monetizing Smart Cities, Framing the Debate. Centre for International Governance Innovation.

McKelvey, F., & MacDonald, M. (2019). Artificial intelligence policy innovations at the Canadian federal government. Canadian Journal of Communication, 44(2), 43-50.

McLaren, D., & Agyeman, J. (2015). Sharing Cities – A Case for Truly Smart and Sustainable Cities. MIT Press.

McNutt, K. (2014). Public engagement in the web 2.0 era: Social collaborative technologies in a public sector context. Canadian Public Administration, 57(1), 49-70.

Meijer, A. J. (2003). Transparent government: Parliamentary and legal accountability in an information age. Information Polity8(1-2), 67-78.

Mikhaylov, S., Esteve, M. & Campion, A. (2018). AI for the public sector: Opportunities and challenges of cross-sector collaboration. Philosophical transactions of the royal society a: mathematical, physical and engineering sciences, 376(2128).

Molnar, P., & Gill, L. (2018). Bots at the gate: A human rights analysis of automated decision-making in Canada’s immigration and refugee system. International Human Rights Program & Citizen Lab.

Moon, M. J. (2002). The evolution of e-government among municipalities: rhetoric or reality? Public Administration Review, 62(4), 424-444.

Moritz, R., & Roy, J. (2000). Demographic insight on Canada’s federal information technology workforce: Community renewal and tomorrow’s leadership imperative. Canadian Government Executive.

Mosco, V. (2019). The smart city in a digital world. Emerald Group Publishing.

Nalbandian, L. (2022). Increasing the accountability of automated decision-making systems: An assessment of the automated decision-making system introduced in Canada's temporary resident visa immigration stream. Journal of Responsible Technology, 10.

Nelischer, K. (2022). The Development of Quayside: Planning Toronto’s Smart City [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Toronto

Neupane, A., Soar, J., Vaidya, K., & Yong, J. (2012, August). Role of public e-procurement technology to reduce corruption in government procurement. Proceedings of the 5th International Public Procurement Conference (IPPC5), Seattle, USA.

Owen, T. (2018). Ungoverned space: How Surveillance Capitalism and AI Undermine Democracy. Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Parsons, C., & Molnar, A. (2018). Government surveillance accountability: The failures of contemporary canadian interception reports. Canadian Journal of Law and Technology, 16(1).

Partnership for Public Service/IBM Center for the Business of Government. (2018). The Future Has Begun.

Pavlichev, A., & Garson, G. D. (Eds.). (2004). Digital government: principles and best practices. IGI Global.

Pencheva, I., Esteve, M., & Mikhaylov, S. J. (2018). Big Data and AI – A transformational shift for government: So, what next for research?, Public Policy and Administration.

Picazo-Vela, S., Gutiérrez-Martínez, I., & Luna-Reyes, L. F. (2012). Understanding risks, benefits, and strategic alternatives of social media applications in the public sector. Government information quarterly, 29(4), 504-511.

Recvlohe, C. (2021). Networked technopolitics within the smart city: urban social movements, public policy, and surveillance capitalism from Barcelona to Toronto [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. University of British Columbia.

Roy, J. (2006). E-government in Canada: Transformation for the Digital Age. University of Ottawa Press.

Roy, J. (2017). Digital government and service delivery: An examination of performance and prospects. Canadian Public Administration, 60(4), 538-561.

Roy, J. (2017). Open government—Progress and impediments in the digital era. Canadian Public Administration, 60(3), 438–442.

Rubinstein, I. S., & Petkova, B. (2020). Governing privacy in the datafied city. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 47(4), 755-828.

Sands, G., Filion, P., & Reese, L. A. (2020). Techs and the cities: A new economic development paradigm? Urban Planning 5(3)

Sang, S., & Lee, J. D. (2009, February). A conceptual model of e-government acceptance in public sector. Third International Conference on Digital Society, Washington, DC, USA.

Scassa, T. (2018). Data Governance in the Digital Age: Considerations for Canada’s National Data Strategy. Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Shaffer, E. M. (2019). Social media in the Canadian government: An exploratory study of emerging practice [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of British Columbia.

Sieber, R., & Brandusescu, A. (2021). Final Report. Civic empowerment in the development and deployment of AI Systems. Critiquing and Rethinking Accountability, Fairness and Transparency Workshop at ACM’s Fairness, Accountability and Transparency in Machine Learning.

Sobieraj, S., Masullo, G. M., Cohen, P. N., Gillespie, T., & Jackson, S. J. (2020). Politicians, social media, and digital publics: Old rights, new terrain. American Behavioral Scientist, 64(11), 1646-1669.

Tenney, M., Garnett, R., & Wylie, B. (2020). A theatre of machines: Automata circuses and digital bread in the smart city of Toronto. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 64(3), 388-401.

Tenney, M. (2019). Coded-Engagement: data-driven participation in the smart city [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. McGill University.

Toze, S., Roy, J., Sharaput, M., & Wilson, L. (2021). Smart Technologies, Digital Competencies, and Workforce Development: An Examination of the Government of Canada's Current and Future Capacities. International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age (IJPADA), 8(1), 1-19.

Voorwinden, A. (2021). The privatised city: technology and public-private partnerships in the smart city. Law, Innovation and Technology, 13(2), 439-463.

Wasilow, S., & Thorpe, J. B. (2019). Artificial intelligence, robotics, ethics, and the military: a Canadian perspective. AI Magazine, 40(1), 37-48.

Weeden, S. A. (2022). The Right to Multiple Futures in the Shadow of Canada’s Smart City Movement. In Foster, K. R. & Jarman, J. (eds.), The Right to Be Rural. University of Alberta.

West, D. M. (2005). Digital government: Technology and public sector performance. Princeton University Press.

White, J. D. (2015). Managing information in the public sector. Routledge.

Wong, W., & Welch, E. (2004). Does e‐government promote accountability? A comparative analysis of website openness and government accountability. Governance, 17(2), 275-297.

Wylie, B., & McDonald, S. (2018). What is a data trust. Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Wylie, B. (2018). Governance Vacuums and How Code is Becoming Law. Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Wylie, B. (2018). Open Data Endgame: Countering the Digital Consensus. Centre for International Governance Innovation.

Zimmer, B. (2018). Democracy Under Threat: Risks and Solutions in the Era of Disinformation and Data Monopoly. House of Commons, Canada.

Zwick, A., & Spicer, Z. (Eds.). (2021). The Platform Economy and the Smart City: Technology and the Transformation of Urban Policy. McGill-Queen's Press.

Government Links

Chief Information Officer’s Branch (CIOB), Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. (1995). Blueprint for renewing government services using information technology.

Chief Information Officer’s Branch (CIOB), Treasury Board of Canada Secretariat. (1998). Supporting electronic government: The government of Canada public key infrastructure.

Government of Canada. Advisory Council on Artificial Intelligence. Annual Reports. https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/advisory-council-artificial-intelligence/en/annual-reports

Government of Canada. Canada’s Digital Government Strategy. https://www.canada.ca/en/government/system/digital-government/digital-government-strategy.html

Government of Canada. Digital Nations Charter. https://www.canada.ca/en/government/system/digital-government/improving-digital-services/digital-nations-charter.html

Government of Canada. Digital Operations Strategic Plan: 2021–2024. https://www.canada.ca/en/government/system/digital-government/government-canada-digital-operations-strategic-plans/digital-operations-strategic-plan-2021-2024.html

Government of Canada. Directive on Automated Decision Making. https://www.tbs-sct.canada.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?id=32592

Government of Canada. Policy on Service and Digital. https://www.tbs-sct.canada.ca/pol/doc-eng.aspx?id=32603

Government of Canada Digital Standards: Playbook. https://www.canada.ca/en/government/system/digital-government/government-canada-digital-standards.html

Government of Canada Digital Standards: Poster. https://www.csps-efpc.gc.ca/tools/jobaids/pdfs/digital-standards-eng.pdf

Government of Ontario. Digital Service Standard, 2021. https://www.ontario.ca/page/digital-service-standard

Public Works and Government Services Canada. (2004). Government On-Line 2004. Ottawa: Queen’s Printer

International

Agarwal, P. (2018). Public administration challenges in the world of AI and Bots. Public Administration Review, 78(6), 917-921.

Andrews, L. (2019). Public administration, public leadership and the construction of public value in the age of the algorithm and ‘big data’. Public Administration, 97(2), 296-310. [UK]

Ballester, O. (2021, June). An Artificial Intelligence Definition and Classification Framework for Public Sector Applications. 22nd Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research, Omaha, NE, USA.

Barth, T., & Arnold, E. (1999). Artificial intelligence and administrative discretion: Implications for public administration. The American Review of Public Administration, 29(4), 332-351.

Bates, J. (2012). “This is what modern deregulation looks like”: co-optation and contestation in the shaping of the UK’s Open Government Data Initiative. The Journal of Community Informatics, 8(2).

Bellamy, C., & Taylor, J. (1994). Introduction: Exploiting IT in public administration: Towards the information polity. Special Issue of Public Administration, 7.

Berryhill, J., Heang, K. K., Clogher, R., & McBride, K. (2019). Hello, World: Artificial intelligence and its use in the public sector. OECD Working Papers on Public Governance.

Bertot, J. (2019). Social Media, Open Platforms, and Democracy: Transparency Enabler, Slayer of Democracy, Both? Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Grand Wailea, Hawaii.

Borry, E. L., & Getha-Taylor, H. (2019). Automation in the Public Sector: Efficiency at the Expense of Equity? Public Integrity, 21(1), 6-21.

Brauneis, R., & Goodman, E. P. (2018). Algorithmic Transparency for the Smart City. Yale Journal of Law and Technology, 20(103), 103-176.

Brown, A., Chouldechova, A., Putnam-Hornstein, E., Tobin, A., & Vaithianathan, R. (2019, May). Toward algorithmic accountability in public services: A qualitative study of affected community perspectives on algorithmic decision-making in child welfare services. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Glasgow, Scotland.

Brown, D. C. (2012. June). The internal governance of e-government: implications of a new sector of public management for trust and accountability. Annual Congress of the International Institute of Administrative Sciences, Merida, Mexico.

Bundin M., Martynov, A., Aliev, Y., and Kutuev, E. (2018). Legal aspects of the use of AI in public sector.International Conference on Digital Transformation and Global Society, St. Petersburg, Russia.

Busuioc, M. (2021). Accountable artificial intelligence: Holding algorithms to account. Public Administration Review, 81(5), 825-836.

Butcher, J., & Beridze, I. (2019). What is the state of artificial intelligence governance globally? The RUSI Journal, 164(5-6), 88-96.

Campion, A., Gasco-Hernandez, M., Jankin Mikhaylov, S., & Esteve, M. (2020). Overcoming the Challenges of Collaboratively Adopting Artificial Intelligence in the Public Sector. Social Science Computer Review, 1-16. [UK]

Charles, V., Rana, N. P., & Carter, L. (2022). Artificial Intelligence for data-driven decision-making and governance in public affairs. Government Information Quarterly.

Chen, H. (2009). AI, e-government, and politics 2.0. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 24(5).

Chignard, S., & Penicaud, S. (2019). With great power comes great responsibility: Keeping public sector algorithms accountable. RightsCon.

Clarke, A. (2020). Digital government units: what are they, and what do they mean for digital era public management renewal?. International Public Management Journal, 23(3), 358-379.

Clift, S. L. (2004). E-government and Democracy. Representation and citizen engagement in the information age.

Corvalán, J. (2018). Digital and intelligent public administration: Transformations in the era of artificial intelligence. A&C-Revista de Direito Administrativo & Constitucional, 18(71), 55-87.

Dencik, L., Hintz, A., Redden, J., & Warne, H. (2018). Data scores as Governance: Investigating uses of citizen scoring in public services: project report. Cardiff University.

de Sousa, W. G., de Melo, E. R. P., Bermejo, P. H. D. S., Farias, R. A. S., & Gomes, A. O. (2019). How and where is artificial intelligence in the public sector going? A literature review and research agenda. Government Information Quarterly, 36(4).

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